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Topics and Theories - A Tour
d'horizon
Four basic kinds of social behaviour (Max Weber)
Instrumental-Rational
(zweckrational) |
Value-Rational
(wertrational) |
Affectual or emotional
(affektuell-emotional)
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Traditional
(traditionell) |
Behaviour of people / customers
/ tourists is informed in different degrees by the four forms.
Four groups of theories
Sociological theories can be grouped
in vier categories:
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Positivistic, mimicing natural sciences theory models
(f.i.
Rational Choice Theory)
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Critical, confronting ideal and (supposed) real
situation
(f.i. (neo-)marxist theory)
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Phenomenologic, trying to describe reality as closely
as possible
(f.i. typologies, Goffman)
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Postmodernistic, merging object and description
(f.i. Baudrillard, MacCannell, Urry)
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Goffman - Frontstage and Backstage
Erving Goffman started in the
1960s to develop the theory of symbolic interactionism,
using the metaphor of "frontstage" and
"backstage" to explain how we present
ourselves within interactions.
This picture can be used in tourism:
"Front- and Backstages" exist in touristic
establishments (f.i. restaurant guestroom - kitchen)
Marion Thiem developed this idea further, identifying four cultures:
- Source region "everyday" culture
- "Holiday culture" of source region inhabitants
- "Service culture" of host region
- "Everyday culture" of host region
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Everyday
culture source region
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Holiday
culture
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Service
culture
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Everyday
culture host region
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http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/
search: Thiem
Die Kultur der Quellregion umfasst das, was für die Einwohner einer
touristischen Entsenderegion typisch ist.
Die Ferienkultur ist das,
was für die Gesamtheit der direkt vom Tourismus Betroffenen aus einer
Entsenderegion typisch ist. Sie umfasst u. a. den
Lebensstil, den Touristen auf Reisen pflegen, sowie Reiseveranstalter,
Reisebüros, touristische Werbung usw.
Die Dienstleistungskultur
stellt das dar, was für die vom Tourismus Betroffenen einer bestimmten
Empfangsregion (in ihrer Eigenschaft als Wirtschafts- und Erholungsraum) typisch
ist; sie umfasst den Lebensstil, den Einheimische in ihrer Rolle als Gastgeber
praktizieren, sowie die in einer Region geschaffenen Einrichtungen für den
Tourismus.
Die Kultur der Zielregion ist das, was für alle
Bewohner einer touristischen Empfangsregion (in ihrer Eigenschaft als Lebens-
und Wirtschaftsraum) typisch ist. (Thiem 2001)
Clearly theme parks, Disneyland etc. represent a
"frontstage", sometimes even a ersatz
"backstage"
Also complete tourist destinations and countries
are organized with this distinction, disregard to
it can create problems and risks (nosy tourists
entering houses, locals breaking into western body
border zones etc.) henomenologic, trying to describe
reality as closely as possible (f.i. typologies,
Goffman)
Rituals and "Frames of behavoir" are helping
to minimize such risks and give security of action
and expectations, including "rites de passage".
One could say, Goffman is showing
the "backstage" of tourism, where "Rational
Choice" shows the "frontstage"
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