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ITM BA 2. Sem. 8035: Special Tourism Management |
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TOURISM AND POLITICS “… if
one recognises
political problems early (which only a shrewd and far-seeing man can do), they
may be resolved quickly, but if they are not recognised, and are left to develop so as everyone recognises
them, there is no longer any remedy.”
Politics and tourism
Basics of tourism are result of political developments: - Freedom of travel (from home, leaving own country, entering other country) - Free enterprise (entrepreneurship) - Public infrastructure (public hotels, restaurants, transport, police) - Social security (rule of law, job security, paid holidays, health insurance, security in foreign country)
Mass tourism based on democratic structures
Tourism policy either planned or driven by demand (for instance "Reisefreiheit" demand DDR, pushed opening China)
Tourism politics are difficult to define because of the many stakeholders involved.
Two different German/Swiss definitions: "Tourismuspolitik ist die Summe aller Massnahmen öffentlicher Institutionen auf allen Ebenen politischen Handelns, die direkt und indirekt, bewusst oder unbewusst die Gestaltung und Entwicklung des Tourismus bestimmen." (Jörn W. Mundt, Tourismuspolitik, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, Wien 2004).
"Unter Tourismuspolitik verstehen
wir bewusste Förderung und Gestaltung des Tourismus durch Einflussnahme auf
die touristisch relevanten Gegebenheiten seitens von
Gemeinschaften." (Claude Kaspar, Die Tourismuslehre im Grundriss, St. Galler
Beiträge zum An American definition: "A set of regulations, rules, guidelines, directives, and development/ promotion objectives and strategies that provide a framework within which the collective and individual decisions directly affecting tourism development and the daily activities within a destination are taken." University of Illinois Tourism Study Group 2003
So obviously there are direct and indirect Tourism Polities, Policies and Politics.
Direct: Meant to influence (support?) tourism development
Indirect: Decided without clear
reference to tourism but relevant for tourism - agricultural policies, - education policies - ecological policies - family policies - labor market policies - regional development policies - infrastructure policies - taxation
Example: Rauchverbot
- No smoking
In Europe: "Government" with strong influence on tourism on three levels: - Provincial Governments (Länder very strong in Germany - Federal Republic, not so strong in other countries, for instance France) - National Governments (for tourism for instance: Foreign Policy, Visa, Passports, Air Traffic, Communication, National tourism marketing) - European Union (for tourism for instance: Harmonization of National Laws, Support of Competition, Currency, Schengen Agreement. No competence for tourism marketing)
Stakeholders in Tourism Politics: Passively: Everybody including future generations and flora and fauna
Actively: Political parties, Associations, Interest Groups, Lobbies.
For example in Germany: Parties - CDU, SPD, Green Party etc. Associations - Producers Associations (DeHoGa, DRV, RDA...), Public Associations (DTV, DZT, local and regional tourism associations), umbrella associations (BTW) Interest Groups - Verbraucherzentralen, BUND, Bürgerinitiative gegen Fluglärm Lobbies - http://www.bundestag.de/wissen/archiv/sachgeb/lobbyliste/lobbylisteaktuell.pdf for instance asr, ACE, ADAC, Bundesforum Kinder- und Jugendreisen, Bundesverband Selbsthilfe Körperbehinderter, Deutscher Alpenverein....
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